US Announces Civilian Nuclear Deal with Saudi Arabia

The United States and Saudi Arabia on Wednesday announced a landmark deal that would establish a civilian nuclear programme in the kingdom, which US President Donald Trump said was contingent on Riyadh normalising relations with Israel.

The move comes as the US fights a war with Iran that began in large part over concerns about Tehran's nuclear programme -- still a key point of contention in now-stalled peace talks.

The deal is set to generate billions of dollars for American companies and is seen as a major win for Iran's longtime regional rival, but critics fear it also carries risks.

Washington has sought in recent years to tie any nuclear agreement and defence pact to Saudi normalisation with Israel, and just hours after the deal was announced, Trump took to social media to say Riyadh must first meet that condition.

The nuclear deal "will be approved, but is totally subject to Saudi Arabia joining the very respected and successful Abraham Accords", he wrote.

Critics have insisted the deal -- the text of which was not immediately made public -- could precipitate a nuclear race in a region already battered by war.

One provision would potentially see US companies build a uranium enrichment facility in Saudi Arabia, the Wall Street Journal reported.

The US Energy Department made no mention of such a provision and did not offer comment when asked about it by AFP, while Trump added in his Truth Social post that: "There will be no enrichment of material!"

The deal will be submitted to Congress for review, but the Republican-controlled legislature is unlikely to block its implementation.

US lawmakers from both parties and Israeli officials have previously voiced opposition to such a project over fears Saudi Arabia could eventually convert it to develop nuclear weapons.

"Trump claims his war on Iran is about stopping an authoritarian country from enriching nuclear fuel," left-wing US Senator Bernie Sanders wrote on X.

"Now he's letting his best friends in Saudi Arabia -- one of the most brutal dictatorships in the world -- do exactly that. This is absurd."

US Secretary of State Marco Rubio said that "any agreement that we're going to make with any country in the world on civil nuclear energy is going to be one that will have safeguards in place to ensure that it can't be turned into a weapons programme".

Riyadh, like Tehran, has long been adamant about its right to pursue a civilian nuclear programme. Last year it signed a mutual defence pact with nuclear-armed Pakistan.

- Proliferation concerns -

Policymakers have long feared that if Iran produced a nuclear weapon, the move would set off an arms race across the Gulf.

US Energy Secretary Chris Wright dismissed concerns about proliferation, insisting the deal was in Washington's economic and strategic interest.

"These agreements uphold the highest standards of nuclear safety and nonproliferation, while relying on the world's best nuclear technology and scientists, designed right here in the United States," he said.

The United States has agreements governing nuclear cooperation with more than 50 countries.

Experts said such a deal had been in the works for a while, but some raised concerns about the potential for uranium enrichment on Saudi soil.

"It would be a mistake to allow Saudi Arabia the capability for enrichment," said Matthew Kroenig of the Atlantic Council in comments made before the deal was formally announced.

"Washington is right to strengthen its relationship with Riyadh, but it should not do so at the expense of its effective nuclear weapons nonproliferation standards."

Paul Dickman, chair of the American Nuclear Society's External Affairs Committee told AFP he was confident the deal wouldn't create "additional proliferation challenges".

But he insisted transparency was important, adding: "I would like to see within the language of this agreement how that transparency will be measured".

Jennifer T. Gordon, director of the Atlantic Council's Nuclear Energy Policy Initiative, said the agreement was a "win for the United States over Russia and China".

"Saudi Arabia has made it clear that it will purchase nuclear energy technologies... the only question has been whether the kingdom would choose to work with the US and its allies, or whether it would turn to Russia or China," she said.